HOW TO REFORMAT A PERSONAL COMPUTER

Steps to reformat your computer

1. Start your PC and press key F2, F12 or delete key (depends on your PC Model)
2. Your PC will boot from CD and windows installation will start. Press enter at the screen.
3. Accept License Agreement by pressing F8 key.
4. Delete the Partitions.
5. Create the Partitions.
6. Define the size of Partitions.
7. Now select your desired partition for installation of Windows XP and press enter.
8. Choose to format the partition. Choose NTFS file system quick.
9. Setup will format the Partition.
10. After Formatting, setup will start copying files on to the hard disk.
11. After copying of files, setup will start installing windows.
12. Select desired language and regional settings, when prompted by setup.
13. Enter Windows Key.
14. Type name of your computer.
15. Select time and date settings and time zone according to your country.
16. Provide network settings for networking PCs or select typical settings and press enter.
17. Setup will install devices and register components.
18. After completion setup will do a cleanup of files and will restart your PC automatically. At this stage you can remove CD from drive.

How to Share File and A Printer in a Computer Network?

How To Share File And Printer In A Computer Network?

Sharing File On A Network

1. Place the file inside the Folder

2. Right Click The Folder

3. Click Properties

4. Click Sharing

5. Click Share This Folder On The Network

6. Click Apply

7. Click OK

Sharing Printer On A Network

1. Click Control Panel

2. Click Add Printer

3. Right Click Printer

4. Click Sharing

5. Click Share This Printer

6. Click Apply

7. Click OK

TYPES OF CABLE

Cable - a medium that connects computer in a network

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF CABLE?

1. Twisted Pair Cable

Twisted pair is the ordinary copper wire that connects home and many business computers to the telephone company. Twisted pair comes with each pair uniquely color coded when it is packaged in multiple pairs. The wire you buy at a local hardware store for extensions from your phone or computer modem to a wall jack is not twisted pair. It is a side-by-side wire known as silver satin.

Two different types of twisted pair cable, unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted pair (STP) are used in different kinds of installations. 

a.) STP (Shielded Twisted Cable) - often used in noisy environments where a shield of metallic foil is wrapped around each of the wire pairs, with an additional overall shielding to protect against excessive electromagnetic interference.

 b.) UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) - the most common form of twisted pair wiring, less expensive and easy to work with than STP

2. Coaxial Cable

The standard media used by cable TV operators and it consists of a plastic insulator that separates the solid copper inner conductor and the woven, copper braid outer conductor

3. Fiber - Optic Cable

Has a reflective that allows light beams to travel without outer interference connecting a UTP cable involves the use of RJ45 connector. This is commonly used to connect devices on to a Local Area Network (LAN).

What Is A Network or IP Address?

What is a Network or IP Address?

Here's a "pocket definition" that you can use if someone asked. It's a network address for your computer so the Internet knows where to send you emails, data and pictures of cats.

Example of IP Address

An IP Address is written in "dotted decimal" notation, which is 4 sets of numbers separated by period each set representing 8-bit number ranging from (0-255). An example of IPv4 address is 216.3.128.12, which is the IP Adress previously assigned to iplocation.net.

IP Versions

'IP' stands for 'Internet Protocol'. There are two versions of IP that currently coexist in the global Internet: IP Versions 4 (IPv4) and IP Versions 6 (IPv6). IP addresses are made up of binary values and drive the routing of all data over the Internet. IPv4 addresses are 32 bits long, and IPv6 addresses 128 bits long.

Binary IP Address

The act of creating large numbers from groups of binary units or bits is called binary arithmetic. Learning binary arithmetic helps you understand how your computer sees IPs (or any numbers greater than one).

In binary arithmetic, each bit within a group represents a power of two. Specifically, the first bit in a group represents 20 [Editor's note for non-math majors: mathematicians stipulate that any number raised to the power of zero equals 1], the second bit represents 21, the third bit represents 22, and so on. It's easy to understand binary because each successive bit in a group is exactly twice the value of the previous bit.

Classes Of IP Addresses

IP Address Steps

Click the Start menu button on the Windows taskbar

Type 'cmd' in the text box that appears and then press Enter

Look for Physical Address.

Network Topology

Network Topology

A network topology is the arrangement of a network, including its nodes and connecting lines. There are two ways of defining network geometry: the physical topology and the logical (or signal) topology.

The physical topology of a network is the actual geometric layout of workstations. There are several common physical topologies, as described below and as shown in the illustration.

Types of Network Topology

Linear Bus Topology
Linear Bus Topology is a network type in which every computer and network device is connected to single cable. 




Ring Topology


It is called Ring Topology it forms a ring as each computer is connected to another computer, with the last one connected to the first. Exactly two neighbours for each device.




Star Topology
In this type of topology all the computers are connected to a single hub through a cable. this hub is the central node all others nodes are connected to the central node.


Mesh Topology
In flooding, the same data is transmitted to all the network nodes, hence no routing logic is required. The network is robust, and the its very unlikely to lose the data. But it leads to unwanted load over the network.




Hybrid Topology
It is two different types of topologies which is a mixture of two or more topologies. For example if in an office in one department ring topology is used and in anoter star topology is used, connecting these topologies will result in Hybrid Topology.

Types of Network

One way to categorize the different types of computer network designs is by their scope or scale. For historical reasons, the networking industry refers to nearly every type of design as some kind of area network. Common types of area networks are:

PAN - Personal Area Network

LAN - Local Area Network

MAN - Metropolitan Area Network

WAN - Wide Area Network

Personal Area Network (PAN)

A personal area network (PAN) is the interconnection of information technology devices within the range of an individual person, typically within a range of 10 meters. For example, a person traveling with a laptop, a Personal Digital Assistant PDA, and a portable printer could interconnect them without having to plug anything in, using some form of wireless technology. Typically, this kind of personal area network could also be interconnected without wires to the Internet or other networks.

Also see wireless personal area network WPAN which is virtually a synonym since almost any personal area network would need to function wirelessly. Conceptually, the difference between a PAN and a wireless LAN is that the former tends to be centered around one person while the latter is a local area network (LAN) that is connected without wires and serving multiple users.

Local Area Network (LAN)

A local area network may serve as few as two or three users (for example, in a small-office network) or several hundred users in a larger office. LAN networking comprises cables, switches, routers and other components that let users connect to internal servers, websites and other LANs via wide area networks.

Ethernet and Wi-Fi are the two primary ways to enable LAN connections. Ethernet is a specification that enables computers to communicate with each other. Wi-Fi uses radio waves to connect computers to the LAN. Other LAN technologies, including Token Ring, Fiber Distributed Data Interface and ARCNET, have lost favor as Ethernet and Wi-Fi speeds have increased. The rise of virtualization has fueled the development of virtual LANs, which allows network administrators to logically group network nodes and partition their networks without the need for major infrastructure changes.

Metropolitan Area Network (Man)

A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large local area network LAN but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network WAN. The term is applied to the interconnection of networks in a city into a single larger network (which may then also offer efficient connection to a wide area network). It is also used to mean the interconnection of several local area networks by bridging them with backbone lines. The latter usage is also sometimes referred to as a campus network.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

A wide area network (WAN) is a geographically distributed private telecommunicationsnetwork that interconnects multiple local area networks LANs. In an enterprise, a WAN may consist of connections to a company's headquarters, branch offices, colocation facilities, cloud services and other facilities. Typically, a router or other multifunction device is used to connect a LAN to a WAN. Enterprise WANs allow users to share access to applications, services and other centrally located resources. This eliminates the need to install the same application server, firewall or other resource in multiple locations, for example.

HOW TO BE A RESPONSIBLE NETIZEN?

Many netizens are using the internet in a wrong way. Yes, we have freedom to speak and post what we want on social medias or whatever connected on the internet but don't forget that in everything we do there's a limitation. be more knowledgeable before posting something that the world will know after, once we already clicked the post button there's no turning back that's why we have this saying "THINK BEFORE YOU CLICK".

"THINK BEFORE YOU CLICK" short but meaningful in so many aspects. If we keep this in our minds everytime we are using the internet we can be counted as a responsible netizen.

So, before we proceed on how to be a responsible netizen, let us first state the reality behind the real world in the internet nowadays because most of netizens are abusing the power of internet to the point that it is not even necessary for the world to know, just like posting personal information that could be used to steal your identity, sharing exact location at any given time that somehow put you to any danger and many more.

Being a responsible netizen we need to secure our social media accounts, to review everything we want to share before clicking the share button, we need to be more wise in knowing the fact because nowadays fake news is all over the internet and to just share links and articles that are 101% true, inspiring, empowering, entertaining, educating, and bringing good vibes to the social media universe.

I myself experienced some issues about what I'm posting on social media even though it's not that bad for me but the impact to the others who can see and read my posts can say something, good or bad. That serves a lesson for me so, I'm being extra careful on what will I post and I think with that awareness I can call myself a responsible netizen.

If I can do it, you too can do it so let's be more wise in using the internet so that we can be a good role model to others especially to the next generation that definitely will also be a netizen.